The use of flare rejection logic in the guidance (seeker head) of an infrared homing missile to counter an adversary's use of flares is an example of EP. The effectiveness of electronic protection (EP) level of is the ability to counter an electronic attack (EA).įlares are often used to distract infrared homing missiles to miss their target. Main article: Electronic counter-countermeasureĮlectronic protection (EP), also known as electronic protective measure (EPM), or electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM) are measures used to protect against an enemy electronic attack (EA) or to protect against friendly forces who unintensionally or inevitably deploy the equivalent of an electronic attack on friendly forces. Subdivisions Įlectronic warfare consists of three major subdivisions: electronic attack (EA), electronic protection (EP), and electronic warfare support (ES). Activities used in EW include: electro-optical, infrared and radio frequency countermeasures EM compatibility and deception radio jamming, radar jamming and deception and electronic counter-countermeasures (or anti-jamming) electronic masking, probing, reconnaissance, and intelligence electronic security EW reprogramming emission control spectrum management and wartime reserve modes. Primary EW activities have been developed over time to exploit the opportunities and vulnerabilities that are inherent in the physics of EM energy. Subsequently, NATO has issued EW policy and doctrine and is addressing the other NATO defense lines of development. Besides EW, other EM operations include intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR) and signals intelligence (SIGINT). The use of the traditional NATO EW terms, electronic countermeasures (ECM), electronic protective measures (EPM) and electronic support measures (ESM) has been retained as they contribute to and support electronic attack (EA), electronic defense (ED) and electronic surveillance (ES). For example, electronic attack (EA) is offensive use of EM energy, electronic defense (ED) and electronic surveillance (ES). NATO has adopted simplified language which parallels those used in the other warfighting environments like maritime, land and air/space. In NATO, EW is considered to be warfare in the EME. A military committee conceptual document from 2007 ( MCM_01 Military Committee Transformation Concept for Future NATO Electronic Warfare) recognised the EME as an operational maneuver space and warfighting environment/domain. NATO has a different and arguably more encompassing and comprehensive approach to EW. Within the information operations construct, EW is an element of information warfare more specifically, it is an element of offensive and defensive counterinformation. The recognized need for military forces to have unimpeded access to and use of the electromagnetic environment creates vulnerabilities and opportunities for electronic warfare in support of military operations. The electromagnetic spectrum portion of the information environment is referred to as the electromagnetic environment (EME). Military operations are executed in an information environment increasingly complicated by the electromagnetic spectrum.
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